In walking and jogging, the forces being absorbed come from the body weight combined with forward momentum. The type of muscles being developed, fast-twitch muscle fibers, must be recruited to support the activity. In weightlifting, significant force production is required to lift heavy loads. Likewise, force stress accounts for the amount of force required during an activity. As a result, the training strategy for the distance runner must be different than the training plan of a sprinter, so the energy systems will adequately adapt. However, distance running at steady paces requires aerobic energy production, which can last for hours. Anaerobic energy production can only be supported for a very limited time (10 seconds to 2 minutes). For example, sprinting short distances requires near maximum intensity and requires energy (ATP) to be produced primarily through anaerobic pathways, that is, pathways not requiring oxygen to produce ATP. Metabolic stress results from exercise sessions when the energy systems of the body are taxed. Keep in mind, the body will adapt based on the type of stress being placed on it.
The three main stressors are metabolic stress, force stress, and environmental stress. Stress, as it relates to exercise, is very specific. In this discussion of the principle of specificity, a few additional items should be considered. This concept, called the principle of specificity, should be taken into consideration when creating a training plan. These athletes know the importance of training the way they want their body to adapt. Cyclists training for the Tour de France, spend up to six hours a day in the saddle, peddling feverishly. To improve performance in a 10k, athletes spend the majority of their time training by running, as they will have to do in the actual 10k. While vigorous ballroom dancing will certainly help develop the cardiorespiratory system, it will unlikely improve a person’s 10k time. The more specific the exercise to individual training goals, the better.
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